UTILIZATION OF PUBLIC RELATIONS FOR REPUTATION BUILDING IN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background to the Study

Public relations unlike advertisement and other Marking Mix, Place all it efforts in building good image, name and public confidence in the mind of various publics dealing with the organization. Public relations did not only see to create good reputation and good image for the products and services of the organization it serve, but also ensure good reputation and image of the workers and management of the organization.

It is widely acceptable that the aim of any business or non-business organization is to achieve growth, mobilize people, recruitment of members, and increase in turn over, assets and profit maximization. But all of this is dependent on the goodwill of the organization’s various publics.

ROLE OF TELEVISION IN CREATING RELIGIOUS HARMONY IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0              Background to the Study

Religion fanaticism has been a recurring issue in Nigerian society and one can wonder if there can be a permanent end to it. Towards solving the problems of religious crisis and creating religion harmony in Nigerian society, television broadcast has been identified as one of the panacea as to curb it effect in the society.

According to Ekueme (2011), television has the responsibility to inform the people of the state about the daily event which can affect their lives. It also has the responsibility to educate and entertain, project local cultures and some as a unifying factor through programmes relevant to the needs for its audience”.

ROLE OF RADIO BROADCAST STATIONS AS WATCHDOG AGAINST CHILD ABUSE IN NIGERIA

                                                                  CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

Child abuse and child labour has represents one of the most dehumanizing forms of human rights abuse in Nigeria. Top on the hat of the slavery-like practices in Nigeria against children is child abuse and trafficking. Combating child abuse has gathered considerable momentum over the years with increased political awareness regarding the phenomenon, as illustrated by the localized adoption and ratification of international standards and important commitments undertaken in international conference by different states.

ASSESSMENT OF LEGAL IMPLICATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA

Introduction

The study of broadcasting regulation started to creep into the edges of the media studies curriculum. This wind of change should be welcomed, because it will aid the apprehension of the major forces that shape the communication environment. However, globalization in the face of specialization necessitated probes in sections of the society by scholars in the different areas. That is why media scholars cannot do without looking at issues as they concern media practices. An appraisal of the statutes of regulation of the Nigerian broadcast industry is pertinent at this period when the whole world is talking about digitization of broadcasting.

ASSESSMENT OF LEGAL IMPLICATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA

Introduction

The study of broadcasting regulation started to creep into the edges of the media studies curriculum. This wind of change should be welcomed, because it will aid the apprehension of the major forces that shape the communication environment. However, globalization in the face of specialization necessitated probes in sections of the society by scholars in the different areas. That is why media scholars cannot do without looking at issues as they concern media practices. An appraisal of the statutes of regulation of the Nigerian broadcast industry is pertinent at this period when the whole world is talking about digitization of broadcasting.

ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN ELECTORAL PROCESS AND COVERAGE OF POLITICAL PARTIES ACTIVITIES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background to the Study

Mass media play a crucial role in fostering an environment of good governance and political awareness in society. As the watchdog and interpreter of public issues and events, the media has a special role in every society. In information-based society; the media have a disproportionately visible and influential role says International Foundation for Election Systems, (2011).

IFES (2011) added that democracy cannot exist in the absence of the press. This is because democracy is based on popular will and popular opinion depends on the public’s awareness and knowledge. It is the mass media that bridges up, promotes and propagates public awareness.

IMPACT OF RADIO POLITICAL ADVERTISING ON THE VOTING BEHAVIOUR OF THE RURALITES DURING ELECTIONS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION
1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is obvious that the last half of the twenty first century witnessed a rival of radical political change that has swept across the frontiers of most modern nations of the world.  A result of this change is the emergence of socio-cultural variety and political pluralism. Nwosu, (2003).

PERCEPTION OF READERS ON THE USAGE OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE IN PRINT MEDIA IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background to the Study

The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines language as “the system of expression by means of words” a particular system of words as used by a people or nation, or “a system of signs, movements and so on used to express meanings or feelings” or “a particular style or manner of expression such as in poetic language”.

Language can also be defined as “a communicative system consisting of formal units that are integrated through processes of combination”. Bonvillain, (2000). On his part, Omojuyigbe (2004) describes language as “a series of sounds strung together in groups to convey meaning to listeners”. From the various definitions of language, one can infer that language is an integral part of human behaviour and it serves as the primary means of interaction between people.

IMPACT OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT ON JOURNALISM PRACTICE IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction           

1.1       Background to the Study

Government’s attempt not only to control but subjugate the Nigerian press through obnoxious laws has been an enduring problem in the history of the country. The press has been striving to wriggle itself out of these unfavourable laws but the government believes that giving the press the freedom to operate as an independent entity might be suicidal.

The government feels that it is legal to restrain the power of the press and if possible have total control of the press. To government, press is an instrument of people in power and should yield itself to their dictates. But the press fight fiercely to resist the obsequious stance government wants to subject it to because of the belief that they are to serve as watchdog on government and not to be used as an extension of ministry of information or as a tool for propaganda. This gave rise to clashes between the press and the government. While the government uses its authority to subdue the press, the press resist by remaining tenacious in its fight for freedom.

IMPACT OF FACEBOOK AND WHATSAPP AS AN EFFECTIVE INTERPERSONAL MEDIA OF COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    Introduction

1.1    Background to Study

Communication is a basic human need and for that reason, man has always found a means of meeting this need either through interpersonal or mass communication.

Unlike in the past, the people of the world are today living in a global village because of various breakthroughs in information technology. According to a Canadian Professor of English Marshall McLuhan, “The world is now in a global village where the whole world is now compressed into a single electronic chat room”.

Information that usually takes many days or weeks to disseminate now takes seconds or minutes. It is now possible for people to make interpersonal communication with others to get desired information as quickly as possible from other areas of the country or from other countries with the use of social media without leaving their immediate environment.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL NEWS IN NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS: CONTENTS ANALYSIS OF THREE NATIONAL NEWSPAPERS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background to the Study 

Environmental pollution is a problem both in developed and developing countries which Nigeria is not left out. Factors such as population growth and urbanization invariably place greater demands on the environment and stretch the use of natural resources to the maximum. Such overuse of natural resources often results in nature’s degradation.

Remarkable environmental problems and issues are gradually increasing around the world with higher frequency from strong typhoons, hurricanes and cyclones and other extreme events including pollution, floods, landslides, droughts etc. Therefore, there is a growing demand from the public for more and more information on environmental issues and a great link between awareness or knowledge and action. It is shown that environment and environmental news and information are salient and prominent topic of the public and elites discussion. Hence, mass media plays a significant role in covering news and information on environmental incidences, issues and problems (Pompper, 2004).

INFLUENCE OF ONLINE MARKETING COMMUNICATION IN THE PROMOTION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs) IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1             Background to the Study

Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) are crucial drivers of every nation’s economy. However, SMEs in Nigeria have not performed creditably well in terms of sales. Hence, they are yet to contribute to a large extent to the economic growth and development of the country. Considering that business communication is an indispensable resource in overall business performance, one is forced to question the availability and utilization of business communication by SME owners. Adebowale, et’al (2015).

ASSESSING ETHICAL STANDARDS AMONG JOURNALISTS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background to the Study

Journalism is a term that has attracted debates as to whether it is a profession or not. Journalism can be classified as one of the core professions in Nigeria for more than an average mass communication student; it has being in existences for decades in which its role cannot be undermined with key code of ethics guiding its existences.

According to the Society of Professional Journalist: Code of Ethics is a statement of abiding principles supported by additional explanations and position papers that address changing journalistic practices. It is not a set of rules, rather a guide that encourages all who engage in journalism to take responsibility for the information they provide, regardless of medium. The code should be read as a whole; individual principles should not be taken out of context. It is not, nor can it be under the First Amendment, legally enforceable.

IMPACT OF STRATEGIC PLANNING ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE (CASE STUDY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA (UBA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1             Background to the Study

The effectiveness of strategic planning can be measured in terms of the extent to which it influences organizational performance, which affects its survival rate. Strategic planning can be defined as the process of using systematic criteria and rigorous investigation to formulate, implement and control strategy and formally document organizational expectations (Higgins and Vincze, 1993; Mintzberg, 1994; Pearce and Robinson, 1994).

EFFECT OF PRODUCT PACKAGING ON SALES VOLUME OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1             Background to the Study

Individuals have to decide the order of preference in which their wants are to be satisfied, thus objective of every item or product purchased. The effect of product packaging on sales volumes could be termed to mean all those which impinges on a products sales volume due to its packaging. Afolabi, (2000).

APPRAISING THE CHANGING ROLES OF TRADITIONAL MASS MEDIA IN URBAN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background to the Study

The traditional role of the mass media in any society revolves round four basic roles: surveillance, correlation or interpretation, transmission of cultural heritage, and entertainment. Surveillance function of the media refers to news and information gathering and reporting, while interpretation function involves providing information on the ultimate meaning and significance of events that has happened, is happening or is yet to happen.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which according to a great Canadian English Professor Marshall McLuhan described as what has changed the world into a global village by compressing the world into a single electronic room where information from nooks and crannies of the world can be exploited and disseminated or exchanged within a twinkle of an eye.

ETHNO RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS AND DEMOCRATIC SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIA

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EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIO IN THE MOBILIZATION OF PEOPLE FOR FAMILY PLANNING

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EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE PROFESSIONALISM OF THE MEDIA (Case Study of Linda Ikeji Blog and Instablog9ja)

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EFFECT OF CITIZEN JOURNALISM ON THE PROFESSIONALISM OF THE MEDIA (Case Study of Linda Ikeji Blog and Instablog9ja)

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CHALLENGES OF ECONOMIC RECESSION ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CSR NIGERIA BREWERIES

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CHALLENGES FACING JOURNALISTS ON FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACTS IN NIGERIA

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CHALLENGES OF BOOK PUBLISHING IN THE 21ST CENTURY AND ENHANCEMENT OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

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BROADCAST MEDIA AS A TOOL FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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BOOK PUBLISHING IN THE 21ST CENTURY AND ENHANCEMENT OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

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AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF NEWSPAPER REVIEW IN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE

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ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF MEDIA PREFERENCE AMONG CIVIL SERVANT

Introduction 

 

Public opinion polls, whose sponsors do not necessarily explain their motives or the way they will use information, as well as the abundant media messages interpretation based on them seem to encompass three general areas of interest i.e general exploration of the influence of public opinion in the decision-making process; measurements of public trust and public reactions to decisions making process. Opinion leaders are activists that serves as public watchdogs and whistle blowers, attempting to understand all the actions of every form of government and acting in the name of the people, all government must be accountable to oversight and transparency. (Roth, 2001).

ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF TELEVISION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This research work titled “assessment of the contribution of television to the development of Lagos state (study of television continental (TVC)” aimed to find out whether television as a broadcast media helps in the development of Lagos State. Nigeria is a fairly democratic country which Lagos State is among the States in Nigeria. However, in democratic governments, factors such as technological advancement, the intended audience and the message manipulates how far the media have impacts on the society and its development for quality and effective standard of living. 

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLO BILLBOARD ADVERTISEMENT

Introduction
 

Advertising as a concept, can be defined as a form of communication through the media about product, services, ideas, personalities or organizations, paid for by an identified sponsor Alide in Okunna (2002).

Bovee and Arens (1985) gave a more widely accepted definition of advertising as the non-personal communication of information, usually paid for any usually persuasive in nature about products (goods and services) or ideas by an identified sponsor through various media. It is an exciting, dynamic, and challenging enterprise.

ASSESSMENT OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELEMENTS OF MARKETING MIX AND BRAND EQUITY

Abstract

Branding is a Guarantee, an assurance for a defined standard of quality for the first time and for every time but not the vice versa. Brands do not compete in the product area but compete for the mind space of the customer. A brand once established in the mind of the customer becomes indelible when customer identifies itself with that particular Brand. Branding therefore is an effective marketing strategy tool that has been used with frequent success in the past. Branding can be an effective and powerful tool for all types of business organizations. If brand owners use their product correctly, the payoffs can be substantial. However, if brands are mismanaged, the results can be damaging. This report is aimed to investigate the impact of branding on consumer preference. How much consumers are prepared to pay for branded products, how important they consider price, branding or other factors during their purchasing decisions. The Report comprehensively reviewed literature on branding, brand loyalty, brand awareness, brand equity and brand perceptions, price sensitivity and willingness to pay. 

ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING NIGERIA CORE VALUE

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ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING NIGERIA CORE VALUE

Introduction  

International advertising can be defined as the dissemination of a commercial message to target audiences in more than one country. Target audiences differ from country to country in terms of how they perceive or interpret symbols or stimuli, respond to humor or emotional appeals, as well as in levels of literacy and languages spoken. De Mooij, (1998) opines that how the advertising function is organized also varies, in some cases, multinational firms centralize advertising decisions and budgets and use the same or a limited number of agencies worldwide. In other cases, budgets are decentralized and placed in the hands of local subsidiaries, resulting in greater use of local advertising agencies.

MASS COMMUNICATION PROJECT TOPICS

1. THE PLACE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE NIGERIA PRINT MEDIA INDUSTRY
2. THE CHALLENGES OF NEWSPAPER MANAGEMENT IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AGE
3. ADVERTISING AND FICTIONAL MEDIA EFFECTS ON HEALTHY EATING CHOICES IN EARLY AND LATER CHILDHOOD
4. ADVERTISING AS A MEANS FOR SURVIVING PRIVATE MEDIA IN NIGERIA
5. ADVERTISING AS A SURVIVAL STRATEGY FOR BROADCAST STATIONS

Advertising Project Topics

1. ADVERTISING AND FICTIONAL MEDIA EFFECTS ON HEALTHY EATING CHOICES IN EARLY AND LATER CHILDHOOD
2. ADVERTISING AS A MEANS FOR SURVIVING PRIVATE MEDIA IN NIGERIA
3. ADVERTISING AS A SURVIVAL STRATEGY FOR BROADCAST STATIONS
4. ADVERTISING AS A SURVIVING TOOL FOR NEWSPAPER IN NIGERIA: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE PUNCH AND NIGERIAN TRIBUNE
5. ADVERTISING AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOLS FOR SUCCESSFUL MARKETING IN AN ORGANIZATION

ADVERTISING PROJECT TOPICS

6. ADVERTISING AND FICTIONAL MEDIA EFFECTS ON HEALTHY EATING CHOICES IN EARLY AND LATER CHILDHOOD
7. ADVERTISING AS A MEANS FOR SURVIVING PRIVATE MEDIA IN NIGERIA
8. ADVERTISING AS A SURVIVAL STRATEGY FOR BROADCAST STATIONS
9. ADVERTISING AS A SURVIVING TOOL FOR NEWSPAPER IN NIGERIA: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE PUNCH AND NIGERIAN TRIBUNE
10. ADVERTISING AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOLS FOR SUCCESSFUL MARKETING IN AN ORGANIZATION

ANALYSIS OF ISSUES AND PATTERNS OF NEWS COVERAGE BY NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The development of Nigerian politics is interwoven with that of the press.  The early press, notably Townsend’s Iwe Iroyin fun awon oti Egba Yoruba, the Nigerian first newspaper was used as a political progranda tool to fight the colonial administration in Lagos during the struggle for Independence. Akinfeleye, R.A (1987) reports that the newspaper was so effective that the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in England found it necessary to caution Townsend over his “excesses” in 1963. 

ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF BROADCAST MEDIA COVERAGE OF GENDER ISSUE

1.0       Introduction              

1.2       Background to the Study

      Repositioning of women has become issue of study and it has received the attention of UNESCO (1975-1985), “Toward Equality under the UN Decade for women in Africa, Asia, Latin and South American”, have brought women issues such as unequal job opportunities, cultural barriers, low economic  and political empowerment and human right abuses.

APPRAISAL OF DEREGULATION OF BROADCAST MEDIA IN NIGERIA

INTRODUCTION

Broadcasting started in Nigeria with the radio broadcasting in 1936. It started as a relay of the British Empire services (Williams A. Hachten 1971). Raufu, (2011:56) observes that, “before the fourth decade of the 20th century, the British colonialists had depended on the print media for publicity and propaganda and they later added radio to their arsenal of information dissemination”.

THE USE OF INTERNET IN PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

Introduction

The Internet began impacting on our ordinary lives only in the late 1990s, with the development of the World Wide Web (Gillies and Cailliau, 2000, Giovannetti, et’al., 2003). Since then, the Internet has been used extensively for accessing instantaneous information and communicating across geographical boundaries. Due to its characteristics of speed, efficiency and economy, the Internet began to be applied increasingly across industries ranging from retail and banking to the media (Giovannetti et al., 2013).

IMPLICATIONS OF ON-LINE NEWSPAPER READERSHIP ON THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

Introduction

In every human society that is ready for development and change, innovation is usually a lofty goal of inventiveness that has always dazzled the mind. Innovation is the introduction of new ideas, development and approach to ways of doing things. No matter how wonderful and inevitable an innovation may look however, not every individual or group will be ready to accept it with the same level of enthusiasm. There are those who are willingly ready for it, those who are hesitant about it, and of course those who are averse to it. 

THE ROLE OF MEDIA RELATIONS IN CORPORATE PUBLIC RELATIONS PRACTICE

Introduction

Media relations is the core activity in many public relations jobs (Wilcox, 2015). One of the participants of this study remarked, “Media relations has over the years become an increasingly significant profile and has added value to the business bottom-line”. To understand this strong link between the media and public relations, the researcher examined Grunig and Hunt (1984) view on how public relations originated.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background to the Study

Public relations play a vital role between an organization and its public. Its practice aims at establishing a two-way communication, seeking common ground or areas of mutual interest and establishing understanding based on truth, knowledge and full information. It is that indispensable bridge that fosters co-operation and understanding. With increasing intensity, the civil society is rather active than passive in the affairs that concern them. Similarly, organizations are more socially responsible in their business undertaking in reference to public opinion. The reason is not far-fetched.

APPRAISAL OF MEDIA STRUCTURE OF SELECTED NEWSPAPERS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0              Introduction

1.1              Background to the Sturdy

Organizational structure is the pillar or foundation on which the apex (i.e. higher authority) of the chart and follow the organization structure this allows for management productivity.

The impact of mass media organization structure on the day-to-day activities of gathering, arranging, editing, publishing and disseminating of media product to the public differs from one media establishment to another. Whatever might be the nature of the establishment, there must be organization structure being the pillar on which ever establishment is to produce either goods or services at a profit. 

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0              Introduction

1.1       Background of the study

Nowadays, people are increasingly reliant upon one another for the satisfaction of our social, economic and spiritual needs, sharp deviation from what used to be when individual were largely self-reliant and self-sufficient providing their own food, building their own houses making their clothing and hiring apart from the other people in society has change from its monist nature to a cosmopolitan on a situation where individual deliver mass age differently due to the selective process.

IMPACTS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER ONE 

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

            Is public relations an effective means for grassroots development? For years, development theorists believed that public relations is an ideal instruments to bring about development to the rural societies.

            This study assesses the potential of public relations from a different perspective by examining the impact of public relations as a component of grassroots development process.

            Besides, having realized the essence of public relations to grassroots development, the challenges facing them that serve as limitations to enhancement of their objectives also trigger the curiosity to carry out this research work.

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON MEDIA ORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background to the Study

            Whether an organization  is a profit making or non-profit making, whether it is owned by government or a group of individual, whether an organization is small or big, it need the service of public relations for such organization  to dwell and eventually succeed in achieving it set goals.        No wonder an individual personality are now engaging the service of public relations to build, maintain and polish their image and reputation in the public sphere. Some of the individuals are politician, business tycoon, footballers, wrestlers, boxers, musicians, actors and actress. e.t.c.   

THE ROLES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background to the Study

            Many scholars have contributed to the success of defining what public relations is. Some scholars believed and wrote on it as act (deed) representing a group or organization.

Public relations is deliberate planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics. British Institute of Public Relations (IBPR).

PUBLIC RELATIONS AS A VERITABLE TOOL FOR ERADICATING CULTISM IN NIGERIAN’S TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background to the Study

            The emergence of campus cults as they are known in Nigeria today began with a split in the Pyrates Confraternity during the early 1970s when a breakaway group formed the Buccaneers Confraternity followed by the emergence of the Black Axe or the Neo-Black Movement. Inter-group rivalry then set in, even though skirmishes between them were limited to fist fights.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING ON ORGANIZATIONS PROFIT MAXIMIZATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Before the era of industrial revolution, the pattern and method of salesmanship was crude and cumbersome. This limited organizations market share as well as profit. Advertising is a powerful communication force and vital marketing tool which helps to sell goods, services, ideas and images through channels of information and persuasion.

APPRAISAL OF MEDIA STRUCTURE OF SELECTED NEWSPAPERS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

     Introduction 

Background to the Study

Organizational structure is the pillar or foundation on which the apex (i.e. higher authority) of the chart and follow the organization structure this allows for management productivity.

The impact of mass media organization structure on the day-to-day activities of gathering, arranging, editing, publishing and disseminating of media product to the public differs from one media establishment to another. Whatever might be the nature of the establishment, there must be organization structure being the pillar on which ever establishment is to produce either goods or services at a profit. 

THE USE OF INTERNET IN PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

Introduction

The Internet began impacting on our ordinary lives only in the late 1990s, with the development of the World Wide Web (Gillies and Cailliau, 2000, Giovannetti, et’al., 2013). Since then, the Internet has been used extensively for accessing instantaneous information and communicating across geographical boundaries. Due to its characteristics of speed, efficiency and economy, the Internet began to be applied increasingly across industries ranging from retail and banking to the media (Giovannetti et al., 2013).

The emergence of social media in the new millennium gave the World Wide Web a new name, ‘Web 2.0’ (Breakenridge, 2018). Though social media has various definitions, in essence, it is a medium for people to collaborate and share content via Internet tools ranging from video-sharing, photo-sharing and blogs to social networking websites, virtual worlds and micro-blogs (Mersham, Theunissen and Peart, 2019).

THE ROLE OF MEDIA RELATIONS IN CORPORATE PUBLIC RELATIONS PRACTICE

Introduction

Media relations is the core activity in many public relations jobs (Wilcox, 2005). One of the participants of this study remarked, “Media relations has over the years become an increasingly significant profile and has added value to the business bottom-line”. To understand this strong link between the media and public relations, the researcher examined Grunig and Hunt (2014) view on how public relations originated.

According to the authors, in the constant effort to get free space in the media for their clients, press agents or publicists used every possible trick to take advantage of the newspapers and other media. This was called “flacking for space” (Grunig and Hunt). Although these press agents frequently got the publicity they sought, the authors indicate that the media and the public have never forgotten the press agentry origins of public relations. Hence, this explains why media relations is considered to be the most traditional, visible and prominent of all public relations functions.

THE MANAGEMENT OF INSURANCE COMPANIES TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Life is full of risk and every human being is confronted with possibility that one day one of these hazards which form part of life may befall them because one financial loss or the other. The purpose of insurance is to indemnify the victims for the financial loss they might have suffered as a result of these risks. Risk is a concept that denotes a potential negative impact to an asset or some characteristic of value that may arise from some present process or future event. In everyday usage, "risk" is often used synonymously with the probability of a known loss. Paradoxically, a probable loss can be uncertain and relative in an individual event while having a certainty in the aggregate of multiple events (see risk vs. uncertainty below). Risk is the possibility of an event occurring that will have an impact on the achievement of objectives. Risk is measured in terms of impact and likelihood.

THE MANAGEMENT OF INSURANCE COMPANIES TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Life is full of risk and every human being is confronted with possibility that one day one of these hazards which form part of life may befall them because one financial loss or the other. The purpose of insurance is to indemnify the victims for the financial loss they might have suffered as a result of these risks. Risk is a concept that denotes a potential negative impact to an asset or some characteristic of value that may arise from some present process or future event. In everyday usage, "risk" is often used synonymously with the probability of a known loss. Paradoxically, a probable loss can be uncertain and relative in an individual event while having a certainty in the aggregate of multiple events (see risk vs. uncertainty below). Risk is the possibility of an event occurring that will have an impact on the achievement of objectives. Risk is measured in terms of impact and likelihood.