Thursday, July 7, 2016

THE PLACE OF NAUGHTY BY NATURE CARTOON IN NEWSPAPER AS AN ENTERTAINMENT WORK OF ART



CHAPTER ONE
1.0     Introduction
1.1     Background to the Study
          The history of cartoon is much older than the history of newspaper itself. Cartoons have been in existence many years before newspaper was invented. Cartoon refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humor of any important issue. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist. The term originated in the middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, and in the early 20th century and onward it referred to comic strips and animated films.
          In modern print media, a cartoon is a piece of art, usually humorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843 when Punch Magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster. Naughty means a behaviour usually of children mischievous or disobedient while is also means an act of sexual intercourse.
          Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath or (much less often) a speech balloon. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher and others. Many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon (as did Arno himself). The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti and Chon Day.
          On the other hand, the word naughty at one time was an all-purpose word similar to bad. During the 16th century one could use naughty to mean "unhealthy, unpleasant, bad (with respect to weather), vicious (of an animal), inferior, or bad in quality" (one could say "very naughtie figes" or "naughty corrupt water"). All of these senses have disappeared, however, and naughty is now used mainly in contexts involving mischief or indecency. This recalls its early days in Middle English (with the form noughti), when the word was restricted to the senses "evil, hostile, ineffectual, and needy." Middle English noughti,first recorded in the last quarter of the 14th century, was derived from nought,which primarily meant "nothing" but was also used as a noun meaning "evil" and as an adjective meaning such things as "immoral, weak, useless." Thus naughty, in a sense, has risen from nothing, but its fortunes used to be better than they are at present. http://www.answers.com/topic/naughty.
          It also means mischievous; perverse; forward; guilty of disobedient or improper conduct; as, a naughty child. Naughty is synonymous to bad, blue, gamey, gamy, juicy, mischievous, racy, risqué, sexy, spicy.


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The Place of Graphical Cartoons in Newspaper Publication




CHAPTER ONE
1.0    Introduction
1.1    Background to the Study
          Newspapers provide up-to-date information on local, state/provincial, national, and world issues. They are among the most widely-read periodicals that are available and accessible to the vast majority of people of all ages and walks of life in any community. Every category of reader can find some important, current, and interesting information in newspapers.
Today's newspapers use design elements that make information easily accessible to the reader. For example, important stories have large bold headlines, while graphics appear next to related stories while and cartoons are placed in a strategic part of the newspaper such strategic place include editorial page.
          The history of the Nigerian press dates back to 1859, when Rev. Henry Townsend released Iwe Iroyin fun Awon Ara Egba ati Yoruba (The Newspaper for the Egbas and Yorubas) in Abeokuta. It was bilingual (published in both English and Yoruba). This was followed in 1863 by The Anglo African, edited by Robert Campbell. It carried both local and international news. With the increase in political and social activities in Nigeria, came a bimonthly newspaper used to aggregate public opinion on topical issues, the Lagos Times, which emerged on November 10, 1880. The Lagos Observer hit the newsstands fifteen months later, followed by The Eagle on March 31, 1887. Adolphus March started The Mirror at this time. Other newspapers began to emerge afterwards: The Nigerian Chronicle in 1908, and The Nigerian Pioneer, founded by Kukoyi Ajasa.
          In 1926, the Nigerian Printing and Publishing Company started the Nigerian Daily Times. The West African Pilot of Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe was established in 1936. This brought an increase in national consciousness. Chief Obafemi Awolowo started the Nigerian Tribune in 1946.Most recently, the newspapers in circulation include: The Vanguard Newspaper, The National Concord, The Punch, The Guardian, This Day, Comet Newspaper, Daily Sketch, The Monitor, Alaroye, The Post Express, The Nigerian Herald, The National Compass, etc.
          However, cartoons are commonly used in the newspapers of this era which has now formed part and parcel of newspapers contents.
          Cartoon has no specific definition over the time, modern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humor of any important issue. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist. The term originated in the Middle Ages and first described as a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, and in the early 20th century and onward, it referred to comic strips and animated films.
           A cartoon (from the Italian "cartone" and Dutch word "karton", meaning strong, heavy paper or pasteboard) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting, stained glass or tapestry. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to accurately link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days (giornate).Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design; a bag of soot was then patted or "pounced" over the cartoon, held against the wall to leave black dots on the plaster ("pouncing"). Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London and examples by Leonardo da Vinci, are highly prized in their own right. Tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed by eye by the weavers on the loom.
          In modern print media, a cartoon is a piece of art, usually humorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843 when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, [3] particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster.
          For the purpose of this study, effort shall be made on the Role of Graphical Cartoons in Newspaper Publication with a reference to the Punch Newspaper, Lagos. How does the Punch newspaper creatively use cartoons in their publication?

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THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE IN BROADCAST MEDIA



CHAPTER ONE
1.0    Introduction
1.1    Background to the Study
An indigenous language or autochthonous language is a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous people but has been reduced to the status of a minority language.  
 This language would be from a linguistically distinct community that has been settled in the area for many generations. Indigenous languages are not necessarily national languages, and the reverse is also true.
Many indigenous languages have become endangered because of language deaths or linguicide caused by colonization, in which the original language is replaced by that of the colonists.
The only channel by which human beings abstract reality is language. Language affects the way we think or perceive our reality. If we allow our language to slip away from us because of the various trans-national structural revolutions going on in the world today in the name of globalization, we will begin to think anew. Such newness affects our reality and this leads to endangerment.
One of such endangerments, that are very important complement to our environment, is language endangerment. The Global Language Register (GLR) observes that “less than a third of the world’s languages are dying...” (Crystal 2000). Moreover, the present reality in the world today is the rapid endangerment and death of many languages.
At the extreme end of language endangerment are Language Attrition and Language Death. It is said that only 600 of the 6,000 of so many languages in the world are safe from the threat of extinction.
The Nigeria situation is quite alarming because both population and language endangerment complement each other. We want to opine that in the next twenty-five years, most of the languages in Nigeria would be gone.
The neglect of the rich Yoruba culture due to the influences of western culture, civilization and language have had negative effects on Yoruba cultural and language.
The stupendous mess of our cultural values by the educated youth knows no bound. Children born and bred up by Yoruba parents prefer speaking English language to Yoruba language. In fact, very few students studies Yoruba language in our tertiary institutions. The once cherished language is now neglected to the alters of apathy and hatred.
This behaviours is now part of the challenges facing some of our media houses who are suppose to be the custodian of cultural values and heritage and because of lack of deep understanding of the language especially the usage, it has made many of the news reporter, news translators and editors including the news casters to bastardized some words, idioms, proverbs and expression while some expression are given difference meaning different from what they should.

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